Simulation and optimization of tuneable microstrip patch antenna for fifth-generation applications based on graphene

Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are known largely for their versatility in terms of feasible geometries, making them applicable in many distinct circumstances. In this paper, a graphene-based tuneable single/array rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) utilizing an inset feed technique designed to function in multiple frequency bands are used in a fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications system. The tuneable antenna is used to eliminate the difficulties caused by the narrow bandwidths typically associated with MPAs. The graphene material has a reconfigurable surface conductivity that can be adjusted to function at the required value, thus allowing the required resonance frequency to be selected. The simulated tuneable antenna comprises a copper radiating patch with four graphene strips used for tuning purposes and is designed to cover a wide frequency band. The proposed antenna can be tuned directly by applying a direct current (DC) voltage to the graphene strips, resulting in a variation in the surface impedance of the graphene strips and leading to shifts in the resonance frequency

Simulation and optimization of a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on hybrid metal-graphene and FSS superstrate for fifth-generation applications

In this paper, a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is simulated and optimized to operate in four frequency bands of the next generation of wireless communication systems. The proposed design incorporates a copper radiating patch with four implanted graphene strips for tuning purposes. The reconfigurable surface impedance of graphene can easily be altered by applying a DC voltage bias directly to the graphene strips, allowing the operating frequency of the antenna to be tuned as desired. The capability of the applied voltage to tune the operating frequency band of the proposed antenna is studied via computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS). Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are introduced in order to improve the radiation parameters of the antenna. The operating frequency band of the tuneable rectangular MPA increases directly as the applied DC voltage bias is increased. Based on the simulation results, a tuneable rectangular MPA placed between two FSSs is proposed for fifth-generation applications

Design and Fabrication of a Low-Cost System for Smart Home Applications

Smart systems and security got impressive attention and development in recent years, which have been appeared in the terms of smart homes, intelligent security, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Home automation comprises the controlling of the electrical appliances in the home wirelessly or automatically. Many different integrated circuits, sensors, modules, and embedded systems are available to be compatible to integrate with smart homes. In order to apply the concept of smart homes, many issues should be considered like as providing a user-friendly, reliable, secure, and cost-effective. In this paper, an effective and low-cost smart home system is designed and implemented based on the Arduino microcontroller boards with its compatible modules. The proposed work employed many types of sensors to carry out the tasks for the smart home for a couple of the essential segments, the first one is home security and the latter one is home automation. The antitheft home segment is based on the laser source directed on the light-dependent resistor and infrared sensor; once the thief tries to cut the laser or passes beside the sensor, the alarm will be switched on. The later segment aims to detect the fire occurring by the means of the flame sensor, gas leakage detection by the MQ-05 sensor, servo motor to opening/closing the garage door, LCD to display the status of the all-utilised sensors, and finally, the Bluetooth module to controlling the garage door wirelessly. To increase the system performance and reliability the Arduino Nano and the Arduino Leonardo board are utilised.

Implementation of Controlled Robot for Fire Detection and Extinguish to Closed Areas Based on Arduino

The wireless control systems are taking a special importance in the recent years, where the wireless control system provide several advantages; including the disposal of the using wire and periodic maintenance of data transmission wires, in the science of robot wireless control unit is the main part of the fire treatment and extinguish robot system. The lives of firefighters exposed to the risk of death and Rima, therefore the use of remote control systems more secure is necessary. In this, paper a fire-extinguish robot used for extinguishing the fire in general and in treatment fires in the closed areas for protecting employees in the field of fire suppression from combustion, exposure or inhalation to the toxic gases. The basic idea of fire detection and treatment robot based on detect the fire by the wireless camera and flame sensor then suppression the fire by send command from mobile phone through Bluetooth connection to make water pump turn "ON", and the fire then extinguished

Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Safety and Security System for Vehicles Based on GSM Communication and IoT Network for Real-Time Tracking

In recent years, the surge in car theft cases, often linked to illicit activities, has become a growing concern. Simultaneously, countries grappling with oil shortages have shifted towards converting vehicles to run on liquid propane gas, presenting new safety challenges for car owners. This paper introduces a novel integrated intelligent system designed to address the challenges of car theft and safety concerns associated with gas-based vehicles. By seamlessly integrating these concerns into a single system, it aims to achieve significantly improved performance compared to traditional alarm systems. The proposed system consists of three primary parts: the car security subsystem, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based real-time car tracking subsystem, and the car safety subsystem. Utilizing key technologies such as the Arduino Microcontroller, Bluetooth module, vibration sensor, keypad, solenoid lock, GSM module, NodeMCU microcontroller, GPS module, MQ-4 gas sensor, flame sensor, temperature sensor, and Bluetooth module, the system aims to provide a comprehensive solution for the mentioned issues. Furthermore, the vibration sensor plays a crucial role in identifying unauthorized vehicle operations. Its significance lies in detecting the vibrations emanating from the running engine. Concurrently, other modules and sensors are utilized for real-time tracking and enhancing vehicle safety. These measures include safeguarding against incidents like fire outbreaks or gas leaks within the gas container. Finally, after assembling the system, a practical test was conducted, yielding favourable performance results. This paper describes a meaningful step towards improving the protection and safety for the cars, simultaneously addressing the stealing prevention and gas-related accident alleviation

Exploring Blockchain Data Analysis and Its Communications Architecture: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions: A Review Article

Blockchain technology is relatively young but has the potential to disrupt several industries. Since the emergence of Bitcoin, also known as Blockchain 1.0, there has been significant interest in this technology. The introduction of Ethereum, or Blockchain 2.0, has expanded the types of data that can be stored on blockchain networks. The increasing popularity of blockchain technology has given rise to new challenges, such as user privacy and illicit financial activities, but has also facilitated technical advancements. Blockchain technology utilizes cryptographic hashes of user input to record transactions. The public availability of blockchain data presents a unique opportunity for academics to analyze it and gain a better understanding of the challenges in blockchain communications. Researchers have never had access to such an opportunity before. Therefore, it is crucial to highlight the research problems, accomplishments, and potential trends and challenges in blockchain network data analysis and communications. This article aims to examine and summarize the field of blockchain data analysis and communications. The review encompasses the fundamental data types, analytical techniques, architecture, and operations related to blockchain networks. Seven research challenges are addressed: entity recognition, privacy, risk analysis, network visualization, network structure, market impact, and transaction pattern recognition. The latter half of this section discusses future research directions, opportunities, and challenges based on previous research limitations

Distance Estimation on Ultrasonic Sensor Using Kalman Filter

This research discusses about the distance estimation on ultrasonic sensor using Kalman Filter method. Accuracy level problem on ultrasonic sensor will be increased using Kalman Filter. Kalman Filter consists of two parts which are prediction and update. This research applies Kalman Filter method using Arduino Uno and Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04. The test result compares the sensor data before and after Kalman Filter is applied. The test result of sensor value after given Kalman Filter depends on the value of noise sensor covariance matrix (R) and process noise covariance (Q). The best value of R and Q is 100 and 0.01. If the distance value between R and Q is too small, the filtering result will be invisible. In contrast, if the distance value between R and Q is too far, the filtering result could remove the original measured sensor data. In conclusion, applying Kalman Filter method in Ultrasonic sensor could estimate and increase the accuracy of sensor value up to 7%

Simulation and Optimization of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Mobile 5G Communications

Microstrip or patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they can be printed directly onto a circuit board. The microstrip antennas are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market. Patch antennas are low fabrication cost, have lightweight, and are easily fabricated. The lightweight construction and the suitability for integration with microwave integrated circuits are two more of their numerous advantages. This work introduces a design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) at a frequency of 28 GHz using the finite integration technique of the Computer Simulation Technology (CST). The simulated antenna is employed for the 5G mobile communication. The inset-fed technique has been used to feed the rectangular MPA because it is easy to fabricate and provides simplicity in modelling as well as impedance matching. In order, to facilitate the fabrication and reach the best results, an attempt has been made to improve parameters through optimized patch dimensions by trial and error.  A reasonable gain, bandwidth, radiation pattern, and return loss have been obtained after the antenna simulation process was completed

A new thrust vector-controlled rocket based on JOA using MCDA

A thrust vector-controlled rocket model consists of army science board model responsible for computing the angles of the gravity center with a directivity of trajectory positions (x, z). A thrust vector-controlled rocket model is known to be #TVCASB for fall trajectory correction solving, but the falling issue of the trajectory correction is a hard when restricted to ASB model. In this work, we study TVCASB model, a mathematical model of TVCASB calculating which involves ASB variables in addition to position variables, and refer to this question: Why falling issue of the trajectory and correction of TVC is a hard on ASB model? Depend on MCDM results from JOA cases, we show that four MCDM methods can choose the better case for a two pieces of fractional order proportional integral derivative controller when set tuning process for TVC model on ASB with a suitable falling of trajectory correction whether be limited or specified for a high or low distance for the rocket motion. Our multi criteria decision making methods are based on mathematical calculations via three cases were proposed by JOA for rocket parameter estimation with a behavior of it, and in the following MCDM methods involving, MCDM normalization, MCDM WSM and WPM, MCDM VIKOR, are gave case 3 lower and upper bounds (0–100) is specified for a high distance and MCDM TOPSIS is gave case one lower and upper bounds (0–1) is limited for a lower distance, and pose this question: Why the MCDM methods are gave different results of JOA cases for TVCASB model? and which one between cases is better? The first reason, there is a different in mathematical calculation for weights assign. The second reason, three mentioned above methods are used for a high and specified distance for fall trajectory correct and MCDM TOPSIS is used for a limited distance, the better case between cases depends on our need whether a high (specified) or a limited (lower) distance

Design and Fabrication of a Smart Monitoring System for Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Operated Cars Based on Global System Mobile

In this paper, a low-cost smart system is designed and fabricated to monitor gas leakage in LPG-based cars. The implemented system consists of three gas sensors installed in the joints of the gas pipes, gas cylinders, and injectors for the purpose of gas leak monitoring. In addition, the LM 35 temperature sensor is situated over the gas cylinder to monitor its temperature. The implemented system can provide three types of alarm: the first type sends a text message to the car owner’s phone and emits an audible alarm signal. The message reaches the service center also. The second type sends messages via Bluetooth to the user’s phone or to the smart screen on the vehicle’s dashboard, with an alert that the engine must be turned off (emergency case). The last warning sends an overheating alarm signal, utilizing a temperature sensor when the temperature of the gas cylinder exceeds 50°C to provide protection and prevent a possible explosion. In practice, it was found that gas sensors should be placed less than 5 cm from the monitored site, and the best performance at work was under 55°C. It was also found that the best performance of the GSM unit is under 55°C